Abstract The objective of this study was carried out to evaluating the productive performance, the physical-chemical quality of the milk, the physical-chemical and sensorial quality of rennet cheeses obtained from the milk of goats submitted to diets with diferente levels of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW). The goats were randomly distributed in a Latin square (4x4) according to the substitution levels (0, 14, 28, and 42%) of inclusion GAW in the diet. The consumption of natural and dry matter increased with the increase in hay substitution. However, the physical-chemical requirements of milk and cheese were not altered.

Abstract This study's objective was to evaluate the effect of storage time (-18 ± 1 °C/60 days) under colorimetric, physicochemical, and lipid oxidation parameters in sheep meat sausages with oil pre-emulsified linseed to replace animal fat. Five formulations have been developed; the control sausage (0%) and four fat replacement levels with pre-emulsified linseed oil: 10, 20, 30, and 40%. Color analysis s (L *, a * and b *), determination of the total colorimetric difference (CD), water activity (Aw), pH, moisture, water retention capacity (WRC), and lipid oxidation through the number of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), where all analysis were determined at intervals of 0, 20, 40 and 60 days of storage. The treatment, the storage time, and the interaction between these factors significantly affected (P < .0001) most of the studied parameters. The TBARS values were affected by the treatment (P < .0001) and by the storage days (P < .0001), with an interaction between these factors (P < .0001). However, it is suggested that the replacement of animal fat with pre-emulsified linseed oil was a viable strategy without causing detrimental effects on the product's quality during the storage period.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the physicochemical quality of milk and cheese from goats-fed diets containing different concentrations of flaxseed oil in replacement of corn. Eight multiparous Saanen goats weighing 51.0 ± 8.0 kg and 67.0 ± 18.0 days of lactation were used. According to the concentrations of linseed oil inclusion in the diet, the goats were randomly distributed in a latin square (4 x 4), according to the concentrations of linseed oil inclusion in the diet (0, 1, 2, and 3%). Milk samples from each animal were collected twice a day, at regular times, during the three days of data collection in each period, for subsequent physicochemical and fatty acid profile analysis employing gas chromatography. The non-fat solids (P = 0.0302) and density (P = 0.0327) variables sgnificantly affected linseed oil in the goats' feed. Regressive effects (linear and quadratic) were not observed for other variables studied, except for lactose and density. Thus, 20 fatty acids have been identified in goat milk, which gives us an essential source of information about animal diet and milk quality concerning human health benefits. Furthermore, there were changes in the lipid profile of milk, decreasing saturated fatty acids and increasing unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in health-promoting effects.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the production, milk quality, consumption and financial analysis of milk from goats consuming diets with different levels of double-distilled glycerin. Twelve multiparous Saanen goats, weighing 40 ± 6 kg and 30 ± 5 days of lactation, kept in a confinement system for 60 days were used. The goats were randomly distributed in a Latin square (4 x 4), according to the levels of double-distilled glycerin. The ingredients used were tifton hay, ground corn grain, soybean meal, vitamin/mineral supplement, urea, and double-distilled glycerin levels (0, 6, 12 and 18%) to replace corn in the diets. The milk fat of goats fed with double-distilled glycerin in the diet showed a decreasing linear regressive effect (P = 0.001). Dry matter intake showed a quadratic regressive effect (P = 0.033). Evaluating the total cost of each diet, it was observed that the level containing 0% glycerin was the diet with the lowest cost per kilogram. The use of double-distilled glycerin in the feeding of dairy goats can be recommended up to the level of 18% of corn replacement without harming milk production, however, it is necessary to verify the economic viability, considering that there will be losses in the quality of the milk produced.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing corn by double-distilled glycerin, a co-product of the biodiesel industry, on goat curd cheese in terms of physical-chemical, microbiological and sensory aspects. Twelve multiparas Saanen goats weighing 47.07 ± 2.41 kg and at 90 ± 5 days of lactation. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (0 and 15% inclusion of glycerin). The physicochemical parameters analyzed were: fat (%), non-fat solids (%), protein (%), lactose (%), salts (%), relative density at 15/15 °C (gmL-1), index cryoscopic (°C), electrical conductivity (mScm-1), pH and acidity. The milk from each treatment was used to make the rennet cheese. The fat had a significant effect (P < 0.05) with inclusion of glycerin in the diet. The physicochemical characteristics of the cheese were influenced (P < 0.05) by feeding up to 15% of glycerin. Regarding sensory attributes, only firmness was influenced (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of glycerin in the diet of dairy goats. Bidistilled glycerin, when inserted in the diet of dairy goats at a level of 15%, causes a reduction in the lipid content of milk and cheese, consequently affecting the cheese yield, and the parameter of firmness in the sensory of the evaluated cheeses.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with bidistilled glycerin from the biodiesel industry on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality of milk and goat cheese. Twelve Saanen multiparous goats weighing 40 ± 6 kg and 30 ± 5 days of lactation were used. The physicochemical parameters analyzed were: fat (%), non-fat solids (%), protein (%), lactose (%), salts (%), relative density at 15/15 °C (gmL-1), index cryoscopic (°C), electrical conductivity (mScm-1), pH and acidity. The milk from each treatment was used to make the rennet cheese. The physicochemical variables: pH, lipids, ESD, and cheese yield had a significant effect (P < 0.05) for the increasing use of bidistilled glycerin in the goat feeding. The pH, acidity, EST, ESD, and yield variables presented linear regressive effect and lipids quadratic regressive effect. The softness sensory attribute had a significant effect (P < 0.05) for the increasing levels of bidistilled glycerin in the goat diet; the softness decreased as the glycerin level increased. Bi-distilled glycerin, when inserted in the diets of dairy goats at increasing levels, promotes a reduction in the lipid content of milk, consequently affecting the cheese yield and the sensory softness parameter.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de resíduo agroindustrial de goiabeira (RAG) no comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros não castradas da raça Santa Inês, com peso inicial de 21,33 ± 2,62 kg e idade de 120 dias, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e alimentados com níveis crescentes de GAW (0,0; 7,5, 15,0, 22,5 e 30,0%). O ganho médio diário (GMD) apresentou contraste ortogonal (P <0,05), no qual os animais que ingeriram a dieta controle tiveram desempenho inferior. Os animais com GAW adicionado à dieta obtiveram maiores ganhos de peso refletidos em uma melhor conversão alimentar. Entre as variáveis, ociosidade, alimentação e tempo total de mastigação tiveram efeito significativo (P <0,05); os animais passaram mais tempo ociosos no nível de inclusão de 30,0% e menos tempo no grupo controle. No entanto, as médias dos níveis de inclusão de 7,5, 15,0 e 22,5% no GAW foram estatisticamente semelhantes às do grupo controle e ao nível de 30,0%. Houve efeito significativo (P <0,05) na eficiência alimentar, com os menores valores sendo apresentados para o grupo controle e os maiores valores no nível de inclusão de 30% do GAW. A alimentação de 30,0% GAW para cordeiros em confinamento reduz o tempo de alimentação e mastigação total, prolonga a ociosidade e aumenta a eficiência alimentar sem comprometer o consumo de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutron e GMD.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P <0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P<0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.

RESUMO Callosobruchus maculatus, conhecido como gorgulho do feijão caupi, é a principal praga que afeta o caupi armazenado Vigna unguiculata. Os danos resultantes da penetração e alimentação das larvas desse gorgulho nos grãos ou sementes do caupi levam à perda de peso, redução do poder de germinação e depreciação do valor nutricional e comercial desta planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade inseticida e a repelência de óleos vegetais de erva-doce, citronela, nim e 'moringa' sobre adultos de C. maculatus. Para avaliar a atividade inseticida, foram colocados 20 insetos adultos em recipientes plásticos revestidos com papel filtro impregnado com doses diferentes (0,0 x 106, 5,0 x 106, 1,0 x 105, 1,5 x 105, 2,0 x 105, 3,0 x 105, 4,0 x 105 e 5,0 x 105 L) de cada óleo vegetal. O número de insetos foi analisado após 24 horas. Para avaliar a atividade repelente, utilizou-se uma arena formada por cinco recipientes circulares plásticos, sendo o recipiente central interligado simetricamente aos demais por tubos plásticos dispostos diagonalmente. Amostras de 30 g do feijão foram impregnadas com diferentes doses (5,0 x 106, 1,0 x 105, 1,5 x 105 e 2,0 x 105 L) de cada óleo vegetal. Liberaram-se 50 adultos de C. maculatus no recipiente central e contados o número de insetos por recipiente 24 horas após a liberação. Os óleos de citronela e erva-doce na dose de 3,0 x 105 L demonstraram maior efeito inseticida sobre C. maculatus. No entanto, o óleo de citronela apresentou a melhor ação repelente.

ABSTRACT Callosobruchus maculatus, commonly known as cowpea weevil, is the main pest affecting stored cowpea Vigna unguiculata. The damage resulting from the penetration and feeding of cowpea weevil larvae within the grains or seeds of V. unguiculata leads to weight loss, reduction of germination power and nutritional value and commercial depreciation of this plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the insecticidal activity and repellency of vegetable oils extracted from fennel, citronella, neem and 'moringa' against C. maculatus adults. To evaluate the insecticidal activity, we placed 20 adult insects in plastic containers lined with filter paper impregnated with different doses (0.0 x 106, 5.0 x 106, 1.0 x 105, 1.5 x 105, 2.0 x 105, 3.05, 4.0 x 105 and 5.0 x 105 L) of each vegetable oil. The number of insects was analyzed 24 hours later. To evaluate the repellency activity, we used an arena formed by five circular plastic containers with the central container interconnected symmetrically to the others by plastic tubes arranged diagonally. Samples of 30 g of cowpea were impregnated with different doses (5.0 x 106, 1.0 x 105, 1.5 x 105 and 2.0 x 105 L) of each vegetable oil. We released 50 adults of C. maculatus in the central container and counted the number of insects per container 24 hours later. Citronella and fennel oils at a dose of 3.0 x 105 L demonstrated a higher insecticidal effect on C. maculatus. However, citronella oil presented the best repellent action.

RESUMO Anthelmintics são usados para combater nematodes. O mau uso de anti-helmínticos pode aumentar o custo da produção de leite. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a presença de anti-helmínticos no leite de cabra. Foram utilizados vinte cabras, divididos em quatro grupos de cinco animais: I - animais tratados com um antihelmíntico à base de ivermectina; II - animais tratados com moxidectina; III- animais tratados com cloridrato de levamisol; E IV: animais tratados com albendazole. Amostras de leite foram coletadas individualmente: antes, e 1, 2, 3, 15 e 21 dias após a administração dos anti-helmínticos. A determinação dos resíduos antihelmínticos foi realizada por cromatografia líquida-espectrometria de massa (LC-MS). De acordo com os resultados, houve um efeito exponencial (P <0.05) para ivermectina e moxidectina. A moxidectina foi o anti-helmíntico que deixou um resíduo no leite por mais tempo, até 21 dias. Contudo, com todos os anthelmintics pesquisados, os resíduos estavam abaixo do limite máximo recomendado pelas agências de inspeção.

SUMMARY Anthelmintics are used to combat nematodes. The misuse of anthelmintics can raise the cost of milk production. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of anthelmintics in goat milk. Twenty goats were used, divided into four groups of five animals: I- animals treated with an ivermectin-based anthelmintic; II- animals treated with moxidectin; III- animals treated with levamisole hydrochloride; and IV: animals treated with albendazole. Milk samples were collected individually: before, and 1, 2, 3, 15 and 21 days after administration of the anthelmintics. Determination of anthelmintic residues was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). According to the results, there was an exponential effect (P<0.05) for ivermectin and moxidectin. Moxidectin was the anthelmintic that left a residue in the milk for the longest time, up to 21 days. However, with all the anthelmintics researched, residues were below the maximum limit recommended by the inspecting agencies.

Resumo Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar funções matemáticas no ajuste da curva de lactação média e individual de caprinos e estimar parâmetros genéticos e ambientais para medidas repetidas de produção de leite. Foram utilizadas 183 lactações, sendo 121 de cabras Saanen e 62 de cabras Alpinas, de animais pertencentes ao Laboratório de Caprinocultura e Ovinocultura da UFPB/CCHSA. O controle leiteiro foi realizado em intervalos de sete dias. O ajuste foi feito para curva média utilizando-se seis funções matemáticas: polinomial inversa, linear hiperbólica, gama incompleta, quadrática logarítmica, linear e quadrática, sendo ajustada por processos interativos, através de regressão não linear. Os critérios utilizados para verificar a qualidade do ajuste para cada função foram: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2a), percentuais de desvio entre as produções totais observadas e estimadas, percentuais de curvas típicas, desvio médio absoluto e quadrado médio dos resíduos. Verificou-se que qualquer um dos modelos testados pode ser utilizado para estimativas da curva média, porém, para o estudo das curvas individuais, o modelo Gama Incompleto deve ser preferido por apresentar melhores estimativas dos componentes da curva de lactação.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare mathematical functions in adjusting the mean and individual lactation curve of goats and to estimate genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production. 183 lactations were used, 121 of Saanen goats and 62 of Alpine goats, of animals belonging to the Laboratory of goat and Sheep of UFPB/CCHSA. The milk control was performed at intervals of seven days. The adjustment was made to the mean curve using six mathematical functions: inverse polynomial, linear hyperbolic, incomplete gamma, quadratic logarithmic, linear and quadratic, and adjusted by interactive processes through non-linear regression. The criteria used to verify the fit quality for each function were adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), percentages of deviation between observed and estimated total yields, percentages of typical curves, mean absolute deviation and mean square of residues. It was verified that any of the models tested can be used for mean curve estimates, but for the study of the individual curves, the incomplete gamma model should be preferred because it presents better estimates of the components of the lactation curve.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a acurácia de cinco modelos matemáticos (Gompertz, Logístico, Linear Hiperbólico, Quadrático e Quadrático Logarítmico) para descrever a curva de crescimento de tilápia nilótica Oreochromis niloticus da linhagem GIFT e, realizar a caracterização da trajetória do crescimento das partes corporais. Para tal, 1.000 alevinos com peso inicial de 2,4 g foram estocados em 20 tanques de alvenaria de 2 m³ numa densidade de 25 peixes m-3, por um período de 180 dias. Os animais foram alimentados diariamente, utilizando níveis de proteína e número de refeições diárias de acordo com cada fase. Quinzenalmente, foram amostrados aleatoriamente 20 peixes, submetidos a um jejum de 48 h e abatidos por choque térmico, para determinação dos pesos do peixe inteiro, peles sem escamas, filés sem pele, coração, fígado, brânquias e trato gastrointestinal. Os modelos Gompertz e Logístico foram os que mais se adequaram ao ajuste da curva de crescimento do peso vivo, do filé e da pele, todavia, o Logístico subestimou os pesos assintóticos. Desta forma, sugere-se o Gompertz para descrever a curva de crescimento de tilápia nilótica da linhagem GIFT. De acordo com os parâmetros estimados pelo modelo Gompertz, a tilápia nilótica atinge a idade de máximo crescimento do filé e pele antes da idade do peso vivo. Dentre os órgãos estudados, o crescimento do trato gastrointestinal e brânquias é mais precoce do que o do coração e fígado.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of five mathematical models (Gompertz, Logistic, Linear Hyperbolic, Quadratic and Quadratic Logarithmic) to describe the growth curve of GIFT strain Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and to characterize the growth trajectory of body parts. To do this, 1,000 fingerlings, with an initial weight of 2.4 g were placed into 20 brick tanks of 2 m³ each, at a density of 25 fish m-3, for 180 days. The animals were fed daily, using the protein levels and number of meals appropriate to each stage. Every two weeks 20 fish were randomly sampled, submitted to a fasting period of 48 h and then slaughtered by thermal shock, in order to determine the weight of the whole fish, the skin without scales, skinless fillets, heart, liver, gills and gastrointestinal tract. The Gompertz and Logistic models presented the best fit to the growth curve for live weight, fillet and skin, however the Logistic model underestimated the asymptotic weights. Therefore, to describe the growth curve in GIFT strain Nile tilapia, the Gompertz model is suggested. According to the parameters estimated by the Gompertz model, Nile tilapia reach the age for maximum growth of the fillet and skin before that of body weight. Among the organs studied, growth of the gastrointestinal tract and gills takes place earlier than that of the heart and liver.

Estudou-se o efeito de quatro condições de manejo sobre a aceitação de banana 'Pacovan'. Os frutos foram colhidos no ponto de maturação fisiológica ideal para o armazenamento, em quatro propriedades rurais do município de Bananeiras - PB, seguindo-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram identificados como: P1: irrigação+adubação química e orgânica +controle químico de plantas invasoras; P2: controle manual de plantas invasoras; P3: irrigação+adubação química+controle manual de plantas invasoras; P4: controle manual e químico de plantas invasoras. Em cada propriedade, foram colhidos cinco cachos de banana que foram submetidos à climatização com carbureto de cálcio por 12 horas para uniformização da maturação. Após esse período, foram mantidos à temperatura ambiente até sua completa maturação. O painel sensorial foi composto por 62 julgadores não treinados, com idade média de 18 anos. Os atributos aroma, sabor, textura e cor da polpa foram avaliados por meio de teste de aceitação, utilizando-se de escala hedônica estruturada de 9 pontos. Para o teste de intenção de compra, foi utilizada escala estruturada de 5 pontos. As amostras foram apresentadas aos julgadores na forma de rodelas, com espessura aproximada de 1,5 cm. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Para todos os atributos avaliados,os valores situaram-se entre 7,34 e 7,68, posicionando-se na escala hedônica entre os termos 'gostei moderadamente' e 'gostei muito'. Para intenção de compra, o percentual de aceitação foi de 74,19; 72,58; 72,58 e 70,97%, respectivamente, para as amostras P1, P2, P3 e P4. O tipo de manejo não influenciou na aceitação da banana 'Pacovan', sendo os frutos considerados pelos julgadores como produto de boa aceitação.

The effect of four management conditions on the acceptance of 'Pacovan'banana was assessed. The fruits were harvested at ideal physiological maturity for storage in four farms in the municipality of Bananeiras - PB, according to a fully randomized design. Treatments were identified as P1: Irrigation + chemical and organic fertilization + chemical control of weeds; P2: manual control of weeds; P3: irrigation + chemical fertilization + manual control of weeds; P4: manual and chemical control of weeds. Five bunches of bananas were harvested in each farm and submitted to cooling with calcium carbide for 12 hours for uniform ripening. After this period, fruits were kept at room temperature until full maturation. The sensory panel was composed of 62 untrained judges, with mean age of 18 years. Attributes of aroma, flavor, texture and pulp color were assessed through acceptance test using a 9-point hedonic scale. The purchase intention test used a 5-point structured scale. The samples were presented to panelists in the form of slices with thickness of approximately 1.5 cm. Results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. For all attributes, values ranged from 7.34 to 7.68, in the hedonic scale between terms 'liked moderately'and 'liked very much'. As for the purchase intention, acceptance percentages were 74.19, 72.58, 72.58 and 70.97% respectively for P1, P2, P3 and P4. The management condition did not influence the acceptance of 'Pacovan' banana, and the fruits were considered by the judges as a product of good acceptance.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na dieta de suínos castrados sobre as características de desempenho, carcaça e avaliação econômica. Foram utilizados 27 machos híbridos, oriundos de linhagem comercial, com 19,66 ± 2,92kg de peso inicial, distribuídos em três tratamentos com porcentagens crescentes de sorgo granífero - 0%, 25% e 50% - em substituição ao milho, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliados: ganho diário de peso, consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar, espessura de toucinho e parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos - ureia, proteínas totais, creatinina, glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Para as características de carcaça foram avaliados: peso nas carcaças quente e fria, rendimento nas carcaças quente e fria, pH e temperatura nas carcaças quente e fria e peso de cortes industriais. Para o desempenho econômico foi calculado o custo da ração, custo do kg suíno e índices de custo médio e de eficiência econômica. Foi utilizada análise de regressão para as variáveis produtivas. Não foram encontrados efeitos para o desempenho e características de carcaça. Nas variáveis bioquímicas, foram encontrados efeitos lineares para a ureia e proteínas totais, com os animais com 0% de sorgo apresentando os maiores valores. Quanto ao desempenho econômico, o grupo com 50% de sorgo apresentou o menor índice de custo e o maior de eficiência econômica. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a substituição do milho pelo sorgo granífero em níveis de até 50% da dieta representa uma alternativa sustentável na suinocultura regional.

The study evaluated the effect of partial substitution of corn by sorghum in diet of castrated pigs and the effects on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility. It were used 27 crossbred barrows from commercial line with 19.66 ± 2,92kg of initial live weight, divided in three groups with increasing rates of sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - replacing corn, distributed in a completely randomized design. The trial evaluated: daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed:gain ratio, backfat thickness and blood biochemical parameters - urea, total proteins, creatinine, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. For carcass traits it was evaluated: hot and cold carcass weight, hot and cold carcass yield, pH and temperature in hot and cold carcasses and industrial weight cuts. For economy feasibility was calculated the cost of feed consumed, cost of pig kg, average cost index and economy efficiency rate. It was used regression analysis to evaluate the productive variables. No effects were found for performance data and carcass traits. For the biochemical variables, the effects were linear for urea and total protein, with animals in control group (0% of sorghum) showing higher rates. The bioeconomical performance showed that 50% sorghum had the lowest cost and the highest rate of economic efficiency. Thus, it was concluded that substitution of corn by sorghum at levels up to 50% of the diet represents an alternative to sustainability of regional swine production.

Objetivou-se mensurar o custo de produção do leite e avaliar a renda na atividade caprina por sistemas de produção. Os sistemas de produção estão localizados na microrregião dos Cariris Paraibanos e foram definidos por critérios de eficiência técnica e econômica, com método de agrupamento por análise multivariada e formação de cinco grupos. O método utilizado para o custo de produção foi o custo operacional, e o critério adotado para a conversão do custo da atividade leiteira para o custo do leite foi da participação da renda do leite na renda bruta da atividade. Os critérios adotados de análise de rendas foram margem bruta e margem líquida. No cômputo do custo de produção do leite de cabra, os valores foram de R$ 0,67/L; R$ 0,73/L; R$ 0,80/L; R$ 0,88/L; e R$ 1,21/L para os sistemas de produção 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5. Os sistemas de produção 1 e 2, de alta tecnologia, com margem líquida de R$ 9.147,30 e R$ 3.995,18 na atividade leiteira, foram os que apresentaram os menores custos e economicamente são os mais vantajosos.

The study aimed at calculating milk production cost and evaluating the income in goat milk farm activity by production systems. The production systems are located in the sub region of Cariris Paraibanos and they were defined by criteria of technical and economical efficiency, with grouping method by multivariate data analysis and formation of five groups. The method used for production cost was the operational cost, and the criterion adopted for the conversion of the milk activity cost for the cost of the milk was the participation of the milk income in the gross income of the activity. The criteria adopted for analysis of income were gross margin and net margin. In the count of goat milk production cost the values were R$ 0.67/L R$ 0.73/L, R$ 0.80/L, R$ 0.88/L and R$ 1.21/L for the production systems 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Systems of production 1 and 2 with high technology and net margin of R$ 9,147.30 and R$ 3,995.18 in the milk activity, were the ones that showed the lowest costs and they are economically the most advantageous

Objetivou-se identificar a tipologia e as características dos sistemas de produção de leite de cabra. Foram pesquisadas 70 propriedades agrárias. A técnica utilizada foi análise multivariada com a formação de cluster, com identificação de cinco diferentes grupos de sistemas de produção. Os sistemas de produção foram tipificados pela eficiência técnica e econômica, como grupos 1 e 2, considerados de nível tecnológico alto, grupos 3 e 4, de nível médio, e grupo 5, de nível baixo. Os sistemas de nível tecnológico alto adotam práticas de manejo mais racionais com maior emprego tecnológico e são os mais especializados. Esses sistemas conferem as maiores receitas de leite e lucro líquido unitário. Os sistemas de produção de nível tecnológico médio adotam recomendações tecnológicas e buscam alternativas de práticas de manejo. Produtores do sistema de produção 1 utilizam práticas sanitárias intensivas das instalações de apriscos e currais para práticas mais alternadas realizadas no sistema de produção 2. O número de aplicações de vermífugo no sistema 1 é de três vezes ao ano, enquanto no sistema produtivo 2 é de duas aplicações. Os produtores dos sistemas 1 e 2 são os que mais captam recursos monetários por linha de crédito oficial, e os do grupo 2 os que mais se apresentaram com o financiamento quitado ou em dia.

This work was aimed to identify the typology and the characteristics of the goat milk production systems. Seventy rural properties were researched. Multivariate data analysis with cluster formation techinique was used, and also the identification of five different groups of production systems. The production systems were classified through technical and economical efficiency, ranking groups 1 and 2 as high technological level, groups 3 and 4 as medium level, and the group 5 as low level. The high technological level systems used practices of more rational handling with larger technological employment becoming better specialized. These systems present the largest revenues of milk and unitary net profit. Medium technological production systems adopt technological recommendations and look for alternatives of handling practices. Production system 1 adopts intensive sanitary practices for the farmyard facilities and stables, but this does not happen in the production system 2. Vermifuge is applied three times a year in system 1 while in the system 2 it is applied twice a year. The producers of the systems 1 and 2 obtain more financial resources through official credit lines, and the producers of the group 2 are more punctual on the pay off deadlines.